Principles and theory relating to adult learning, design learning activities that are appropriate to adults and their learning process; Decision-making and the model of decision-making process in the adoption of innovations by the farmers; Agricultural Extension Approaches in the developing countries. History of agriculture extension in PNG and its present status. Approaches to designing programmes, principles of extension planning.  The concept of extension organization, planning, organization, staffing, leading, controlling, and problems of an organization. Develop an understanding of monitoring and evaluation system, participatory rural appraisal, process and techniques in evaluating agriculture extension programmes and projects.