Heat and temperature: difference between heat and temperature, nature of heat, change of state, thermal expansion, and heat process in environment; Thermometry and calorimetry: temperature scales, thermocouples, thermometers, ideal gas, capacities, heat capacities; Gas laws: Boyle’s, Charles, Pressure, Avogadro's, Dalton's partial pressures; Waves and optics: types of waves, wave and sound phenomena, electromagnetic nature of light, waves as particle, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, optical instruments (microscope and spectrometer); Electricity and magnetism: conduction and electron flow, resistance, energy, power, application of electricity, nature of magnets, field strength, current in magnetic fields, flux and induction; Modern physics: brief description of photoelectric effect, X-ray, production, atomic structure and atomic nucleus.
